Passive reporting: personal and impersonal passive
🎯 Po co Ci to? Zakres rozszerzony. Prasa i teksty naukowe relacjonują opinie bez podawania ich autora: He is believed to have robbed a bank. It is said that the castle is haunted. Dwie konstrukcje — bezosobowa (impersonal: zaczyna się od it) i osobowa (personal: zaczyna się od osoby albo rzeczy, o której mowa) — cztery bezokoliczniki, lista czasowników, które działają tylko z it, i najczęstsza transformacja w arkuszu rozszerzonym: People say that… → SAID.
W kursie: 12.4 [R] (passive for reporting claims), 14.3.
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce
Zdanie wyjściowe ma zawsze ten sam kształt: People / They / Experts + say / think / believe + (that) + zdanie. Można je przekształcić na dwa sposoby:
| Konstrukcja | Budowa | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| bezosobowa (impersonal) | It + is / was + III forma + that + zdanie bez zmian | It is said that the castle is haunted. It was believed that the Earth was flat. |
| osobowa (personal) | podmiot zdania podrzędnego + is / was + III forma + to + bezokolicznik | The castle is said to be haunted. The Earth was believed to be flat. |
W konstrukcji bezosobowej zdanie po that zostaje bez zmian — łącznie z czasem i z will. W osobowej podmiotem staje się podmiot zdania podrzędnego, a jego czas przechodzi do bezokolicznika:
| Czas w zdaniu podrzędnym | Bezokolicznik | Przykład osobowy |
|---|---|---|
| ten sam co relacja (present simple) | to do | People say he is rich. → He is said to be rich. |
| w trakcie (present continuous) | to be doing | People think she is living abroad. → She is thought to be living abroad. |
| wcześniej niż relacja (past simple, present perfect, past perfect) | to have done | People say he was / has been rich. → He is said to have been rich. |
| wcześniej i w trakcie (past continuous, perfect continuous) | to have been doing | Police think they were eating dinner when the alarm went off. → They are thought to have been eating dinner when the alarm went off. |
| strona bierna w zdaniu podrzędnym | to be done / to have been done | People believe the castle was built in 1200. → The castle is believed to have been built in 1200. |
| przyszłość (will, be going to) | to do (po expect) / to be going to do | Analysts expect prices will rise. → Prices are expected to rise. People say he is going to retire. → He is said to be going to retire. |
Zasada: ten sam czas → to do, wcześniej → to have done; forma ciągła dokłada be + -ing. Przyszłość jest wygodniejsza w konstrukcji bezosobowej (It is said that he will win); w osobowej will znika — bezokolicznik po expect sam wskazuje przyszłość, a po say / think trzeba to be going to.
Relacja w przeszłości albo trwająca do teraz. Zmienia się tylko początek: It was said that… / He was said to… (mówiło się), It has been said that… / He has been said to… (mówi się od pewnego czasu, powiedziano). Bezokolicznik liczy się względem czasu relacji: He was said to be rich (był bogaty wtedy, gdy o tym mówiono) vs He was said to have been rich (był bogaty jeszcze wcześniej).
| Zdanie wyjściowe | Bezosobowa (impersonal) | Osobowa (personal) |
|---|---|---|
| People think (that) he lives in Spain. | It is thought that he lives in Spain. | He is thought to live in Spain. |
| People think (that) he lived in Spain. | It is thought that he lived in Spain. | He is thought to have lived in Spain. |
| People think (that) he is living in Spain. | It is thought that he is living in Spain. | He is thought to be living in Spain. |
| People think (that) he was living in Spain then. | It is thought that he was living in Spain then. | He is thought to have been living in Spain then. |
| People think (that) he will move to Spain. | It is thought that he will move to Spain. | He is expected to move to Spain. / He is thought to be going to move to Spain. |
| People thought (that) he lived in Spain. | It was thought that he lived in Spain. | He was thought to live in Spain. |
Czasowniki w obu konstrukcjach: say, think, believe, know, expect, report, consider, claim, suppose, allege, assume, estimate, understand, show, find, rumour (He is rumoured to be…).
Czasowniki TYLKO w konstrukcji bezosobowej — komunikaty, decyzje, obietnice: admit, agree, announce, decide, explain, promise, propose, state, suggest. Poprawne jest It was announced that the flight had been delayed, ale nie ✗ The flight was announced to have been delayed. Tej grupy nie da się wyprowadzić z reguły — trzeba ją zapamiętać.
⚠️ Typowe błędy
- ✗ He is said that he is rich. → ✓ He is said to be rich. / It is said that he is rich.
- ✗ He is believed to rob a bank last year. → ✓ He is believed to have robbed a bank last year.
- ✗ It is said him to be rich. → ✓ He is said to be rich.
- ✗ He is said to will be rich. → ✓ It is said that he will be rich. / He is expected to be rich.
- ✗ The road is promised to be built this year. → ✓ It is promised that the road will be built this year. (promise działa tylko z it)
💭 Pomyśl
💭 Pomyśl: „The painting is believed to be a fake" i „The painting is believed to have been a fake". Czy obraz nadal istnieje w obu zdaniach?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
W pierwszym tak: opinia i stan są równoczesne, obraz jest (uważa się, że jest) falsyfikatem. W drugim bezokolicznik przeszły cofa stan przed moment relacji: obraz był falsyfikatem, więc prawdopodobnie już go nie ma (spłonął, zaginął) albo mowa o dawnym dziele. Bezokolicznik niesie tu informację o czasie, którą po polsku dodalibyśmy przysłówkiem.
💭 Pomyśl: „It was announced that the match had been cancelled." Spróbuj zacząć od The match…. Da się?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
Nie. Announce należy do grupy czasowników, które relacjonują tylko bezosobowo (admit, agree, announce, decide, explain, promise, propose, state, suggest). Konstrukcja osobowa wymaga czasownika opinii (say, think, believe, know, expect, report…): The match is believed to have been cancelled jest poprawne, ✗ The match was announced to have been cancelled — nie.
✍️ Ćwiczenia A — przekształć dwoma sposobami
- People say that the water here has healing powers.
- Journalists reported that the minister had resigned.
- Experts believe that the painting is worth millions.
- Police think that the thieves escaped through the roof.
- Everyone knows that the company is losing money.
- Detectives believe that the guard was sleeping when the alarm went off.
- Analysts expect that prices will rise next year.
- People say that the actress is going to retire.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- It is said that the water here has healing powers. / The water here is said to have healing powers. · 2. It was reported that the minister had resigned. / The minister was reported to have resigned. · 3. It is believed that the painting is worth millions. / The painting is believed to be worth millions. · 4. It is thought that the thieves escaped through the roof. / The thieves are thought to have escaped through the roof. · 5. It is known that the company is losing money. / The company is known to be losing money. · 6. It is believed that the guard was sleeping when the alarm went off. / The guard is believed to have been sleeping when the alarm went off. · 7. It is expected that prices will rise next year. / Prices are expected to rise next year. · 8. It is said that the actress is going to retire. / The actress is said to be going to retire.
✍️ Ćwiczenia B — z bezosobowej na osobową
Dokończ drugie zdanie tak, by znaczyło to samo.
- It is believed that the company is launching a new product in May. → The company ___ a new product in May.
- It is known that Olivia has been working on the project for months. → Olivia ___ on the project for months.
- It is said that the mayor bribed two officials. → The mayor ___ two officials.
- It is expected that the new law will reduce traffic. → The new law ___ traffic.
- It was reported that the bridge had collapsed. → The bridge ___.
- It is thought that the suspect is hiding in the mountains. → The suspect ___ in the mountains.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- is believed to be launching · 2. is known to have been working · 3. is said to have bribed · 4. is expected to reduce · 5. was reported to have collapsed · 6. is thought to be hiding
✍️ Ćwiczenia C — przetłumacz obiema konstrukcjami
- Mówi się, że on ma pięć samochodów.
- Uważa się, że jest najlepszym bramkarzem w lidze.
- Mówi się, że wygrała wszystkie turnieje.
- Sądzi się, że złodzieje uciekli przez okno.
- Oczekuje się, że ceny wzrosną.
- Wiadomo, że mieszkał w Paryżu przez dziesięć lat.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- It is said that he has five cars. / He is said to have five cars. · 2. It is thought (considered) that he is the best goalkeeper in the league. / He is considered to be the best goalkeeper in the league. · 3. It is said that she has won all the tournaments. / She is said to have won all the tournaments. · 4. It is believed that the thieves escaped through the window. / The thieves are believed to have escaped through the window. · 5. It is expected that prices will rise. / Prices are expected to rise. · 6. It is known that he lived in Paris for ten years. / He is known to have lived in Paris for ten years.
✍️ Ćwiczenia D — jedna konstrukcja czy dwie?
Które zdania da się przekształcić na oba sposoby, a które tylko bezosobowo?
- They announced that the flight had been delayed.
- People claim that she is a genius.
- Everyone agrees that the plan is risky.
- Officials promised that the road would be repaired.
- Experts estimate that the vase is 2,000 years old.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- tylko bezosobowo: It was announced that the flight had been delayed. · 2. oba: It is claimed that she is a genius. / She is claimed to be a genius. · 3. tylko bezosobowo: It is agreed that the plan is risky. · 4. tylko bezosobowo: It was promised that the road would be repaired. · 5. oba: It is estimated that the vase is 2,000 years old. / The vase is estimated to be 2,000 years old.
📋 Na egzaminie
- Transformacja: People say that he was a spy during the war. SAID → He ___ a spy during the war.
- Transformacja: Everyone expects the company to announce record profits. EXPECTED → The company ___ record profits.
- Transformacja: They announced that the museum would close. ANNOUNCED → It ___ the museum would close.
- Tłumaczenie fragmentu: The castle ___ (podobno został zbudowany) in the 12th century.
- Tłumaczenie fragmentu: The suspect ___ (uważa się, że mieszka) in Berlin at the moment.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- He is said to have been a spy during the war. · 2. The company is expected to announce record profits. · 3. It was announced that the museum would close. · 4. The castle is said to have been built in the 12th century. · 5. The suspect is thought (believed) to be living in Berlin at the moment.