Reporting verbs: suggest, admit, deny, warn
🎯 Po co Ci to? Zakres rozszerzony. Zamiast said i told w relacji używamy czasowników, które nazywają akt mowy: He admitted stealing the money. She denied having heard about it. The guard accused me of shoplifting. Każdy ma swój wzorzec (bezokolicznik, -ing, that, przyimek) i to właśnie wzorzec jest sprawdzany w transformacjach rozszerzonych. Do tego tryb łączący po suggest, insist, demand.
W kursie: 14.2 (reporting verbs), 14.4 (opinion essay).
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — wzorce
| Wzorzec | Czasowniki | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| + to + bezokolicznik | agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, claim | She promised to write. He refused to accept our offer. |
| + osoba + to + bezokolicznik | advise, ask, beg, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn | She warned me not to go. He reminded me to lock the door. |
| + -ing | admit, deny, suggest, recommend, mention, regret | He admitted taking the money. The policeman denied having heard about the burglary. |
| + osoba + przyimek + -ing | accuse sb of, blame sb for, congratulate sb on, thank sb for, apologise (to sb) for | The security guard accused me of shoplifting. She thanked me for helping. |
| + przyimek + -ing | insist on, apologise for, object to | The man objected to having the meeting interrupted. |
| + that | admit, claim, complain, explain, insist, promise, suggest, warn | He explained that he had been ill. |
Having + III forma podkreśla, że relacjonowana czynność była wcześniejsza: He denied having seen her (= that he had seen her). Zwykłe -ing (denied seeing) jest zwykle równie poprawne.
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — tryb łączący (subjunctive)
Po suggest, insist, demand, recommend, propose w stylu formalnym czasownik zdania podrzędnego stoi w formie podstawowej, bez -s i bez cofania czasu: I suggest that you bring your own towel. I insist that he go home. The committee demanded that the report be published. W brytyjskim angielskim równie poprawne jest should + bezokolicznik: I suggest that he should go. Uwaga: suggest me to go jest błędem; suggest nie bierze osoby z bezokolicznikiem.
⚠️ Typowe błędy
- ✗ He suggested me to go. → ✓ He suggested (that) I (should) go / suggested going.
- ✗ She accused him to steal. → ✓ She accused him of stealing.
- ✗ He denied that he stole it (poprawne) obok ✗ He denied to steal it. → ✓ He denied stealing it.
- ✗ They insisted to pay. → ✓ They insisted on paying.
- ✗ She apologised me for being late. → ✓ She apologised to me for being late.
💭 Pomyśl
💭 Pomyśl: „He admitted breaking the window" i „He admitted that the window was broken". Które zdanie jest przyznaniem się do winy?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
Pierwsze. Admit + -ing bez podmiotu odnosi się do osoby, która przyznaje: on sam zbił szybę. W drugim zdaniu podrzędnym ma własny podmiot (the window) i stronę bierną, więc przyznaje tylko fakt, że szyba jest zbita, nie swoją winę. Wzorzec czasownika relacjonującego niesie treść, nie tylko formę.
✍️ Ćwiczenia — relacjonuj wybranym czasownikiem
- "I didn't take your charger," Tom said. (deny)
- "Why don't we go by train?" Ania said. (suggest)
- "Remember to buy milk," Mum said to me. (remind)
- "It was you who broke the vase!" she said to her brother. (accuse)
- "I'm sorry I forgot your birthday," he said to Kasia. (apologise)
- "I'll definitely pay you back on Friday," Marek said. (promise)
- "You really should apply — you'd be great," my teacher said. (encourage)
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- Tom denied taking / having taken my charger. · 2. Ania suggested going by train / that we (should) go by train. · 3. Mum reminded me to buy milk. · 4. She accused her brother of breaking the vase. · 5. He apologised to Kasia for forgetting her birthday. · 6. Marek promised to pay me back on Friday. · 7. My teacher encouraged me to apply.
📋 Na egzaminie
- Transformacja: "I'm sure I posted the letter," she said. INSISTED → She ___ the letter.
- Transformacja: "You shouldn't swim here — the current is strong," the lifeguard told us. WARNED → The lifeguard ___ there because the current was strong.
- Transformacja: "Thank you for driving me home," Ola said to Piotr. THANKED → Ola ___ home.
- Tryb łączący: "You must submit the form by Friday," the clerk said. INSISTED → The clerk ___ by Friday.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- She insisted (that) she had posted / insisted on having posted the letter. · 2. The lifeguard warned us not to swim there… · 3. Ola thanked Piotr for driving her home. · 4. The clerk insisted that the form be submitted / that I submit the form by Friday.