Linking words and question tags
🎯 Po co Ci to? Spójniki i wyrażenia łączące to szkielet każdego tekstu: bez nich wypowiedź pisemna dostaje niską ocenę za spójność, a zadanie z ramką (although / despite / however) zwykle trafia w ich odmienne wymagania gramatyczne. Question tags i dopowiedzenia (So do I. Neither do I.) sprawdzają, czy słyszysz czasownik posiłkowy w zdaniu.
W kursie: 5.4 (Linking your arguments), 14.4 (An opinion essay), 7.4 (formal email).
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — spójniki i ich składnia
| Funkcja | + zdanie | + rzeczownik / -ing | łącznik między zdaniami (z kropką lub średnikiem) |
|---|---|---|---|
| przeciwieństwo | although, even though, while, whereas | despite, in spite of | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand |
| przyczyna | because, as, since | because of, due to | That is why, For this reason |
| skutek | so, so … that, such … that | Therefore, As a result, Consequently | |
| cel | so that | (in order) to, so as to | |
| dodanie | as well as, in addition to | Moreover, Furthermore, What is more, Besides | |
| przykład | such as, like | For example, For instance | |
| czas | when, while, as soon as, until, before, after | during | Then, Afterwards, Meanwhile |
Najczęstsza pułapka: although + zdanie (Although it was raining, we went out) kontra despite / in spite of + rzeczownik lub -ing (Despite the rain / Despite raining…). Chcesz zdanie po despite? Dodaj the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining… Drugi błąd: because (+ zdanie) kontra because of (+ rzeczownik).
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — question tags i dopowiedzenia
| Zdanie | Tag | Zasada |
|---|---|---|
| He**'s** English, | isn't he? | twierdzenie → tag przeczący, z tym samym czasownikiem posiłkowym |
| You don't like fish, | do you? | przeczenie → tag twierdzący |
| She can swim, | can't she? | modal powtarza się w tagu |
| They went home, | didn't they? | brak posiłkowego → do / does / did |
| I**'m** late, | aren't I? | wyjątek dla I am |
| Let's go, | shall we? | |
| Give me the book, | will you? / can you? | tryb rozkazujący |
Dopowiedzenia: I love jazz. — So do I. / I don't eat meat. — Neither / Nor do I. Czasownik posiłkowy dopasowany do zdania: I've been there. — So have I. / She can't drive. — Neither can he.
⚠️ Częste błędy polskich uczniów
- ✗ Despite it was late, we went out. → ✓ Although it was late… / Despite the fact that it was late…
- ✗ Because of it was raining… → ✓ Because it was raining… / Because of the rain…
- ✗ However, that… jako spójnik w środku zdania bez interpunkcji → ✓ …was tired. However, she…
- ✗ You're tired, isn't it? → ✓ You're tired, aren't you?
- ✗ I like it too. jako odpowiedź na I don't like it → ✓ I don't like it either. / Neither do I.
💭 Pomyśl
💭 Pomyśl: „You didn't call her, did you?" i „You called her, didn't you?". Oba pytają o to samo. Czego spodziewa się pytający w każdym z nich?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
W pierwszym spodziewa się, że nie zadzwoniłeś (i chce to potwierdzić, może z wyrzutem). W drugim spodziewa się, że tak (i szuka potwierdzenia). Tag z intonacją opadającą nie jest prawdziwym pytaniem, tylko prośbą o zgodę; z intonacją rosnącą staje się pytaniem. Polska „prawda?” działa podobnie, ale nie zmienia formy.
✍️ Ćwiczenia
A. Wybierz spójnik.
- ___ (Although / Despite) the heavy traffic, we arrived on time.
- She stayed at home ___ (because / because of) she was ill.
- It was raining. ___ (However / Although), the match went ahead.
- He trained hard ___ (so that / so as) he could make the team.
- I like both tea ___ (as well as / and) coffee.
B. Dodaj question tag albo dopowiedzenie. 6. You've finished your homework, ___ ? 7. Marta can't come tonight, ___ ? 8. I'd love to visit Japan. — ___ (ja też). 9. We haven't been to that restaurant. — ___ (my też nie). 10. Let's take a break, ___ ?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
A: 1 Despite · 2 because · 3 However · 4 so that · 5 and (po both zawsze and). B: 6 haven't you · 7 can she · 8 So would I · 9 Neither / Nor have we · 10 shall we.
📋 Na egzaminie
- Transformacja: He was very tired, but he finished the race. DESPITE → He finished the race ___ very tired.
- Transformacja: The flight was cancelled because of the fog. SO → It was ___ the flight was cancelled.
- Tłumaczenie fragmentu: ___ (Mimo że) I studied hard, I didn't pass.
- Luka z ramką (however / although / despite / because of): ___ (1) the bad weather, the festival went ahead. ___ (2) it rained all day, thousands of people came. Sales were lower, ___ (3), and the organisers lost money ___ (4) the extra costs.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- …despite being / despite feeling very tired. · 2. It was so foggy that the flight was cancelled. · 3. Although / Even though I studied hard… · 4. Despite · Although · however · because of.
🔍 [R] Subtelności: whereas / while, otherwise, the … the …, as do her parents
- While / whereas zestawiają dwa fakty: Sylvia loves cities, whereas her brother prefers the countryside.
- Otherwise = w przeciwnym razie: Hurry up, otherwise we'll miss the train.
- The + comparative, the + comparative: The older I get, the happier I am.
- Not only… but also (z inwersją w 24.3): Not only is she clever, but she's also kind.
- Dopowiedzenie w zdaniu: She speaks several languages, as do her parents. (= and her parents do too)
- Tag po zdaniu z nobody, nothing: Nobody called, did they? Nothing happened, did it?
✍️ [R] Ćwiczenie. Przekształć: (a) If you don't leave now, you'll be late. (OTHERWISE) (b) When you practise more, you play better. (THE) (c) My sister is a vegetarian and so am I. (AS)
Sprawdź odpowiedź
(a) Leave now, otherwise you'll be late. (b) The more you practise, the better you play. (c) My sister is a vegetarian, as am I.