Infinitive vs gerund
🎯 Po co Ci to? Wybór między to do a doing to jedno z najczęściej sprawdzanych miejsc w środkach językowych: transformacje (I'd rather fly than…), luki (I'm used to ___), poprawianie błędów (enjoy to swim). Reguły są grupowe, a kilka czasowników zmienia znaczenie zależnie od formy.
W kursie: 2.2 (like / love / hate + -ing), 8.2, 17.5 (be used to + -ing), 23.3 [R].
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — bezokolicznik z to
| Po czym | Przykłady czasowników | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| czasowniki zamiaru, decyzji, obietnicy | want, would like, decide, plan, hope, promise, agree, refuse, offer, manage, afford, learn, seem, expect, pretend | I promise to write every day. She seems to be tired. |
| czasownik + osoba + to | want, ask, tell, advise, allow, expect, remind, warn, invite, encourage | I want you to do it. |
| przymiotnik + to | glad, happy, easy, difficult, ready, surprised | I'm glad to see you. It's difficult for me to decide. |
| cel | I phoned him (in order) to tell him the news. | |
| too / enough | too tired to go, old enough to vote | |
| rzeczownik + to | I have many letters to write. |
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — bezokolicznik bez to
Po modalach (can, must, should…), po let, make + osoba (Will you let me go? Don't make me laugh.), po would rather, had better (I'd rather stay. You'd better hurry.), po see, hear, watch, feel + osoba, gdy czynność jest widziana w całości (I saw him do a trick.).
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — forma -ing
| Po czym | Przykłady | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| czasowniki upodobania i unikania | enjoy, like, love, hate, prefer, mind, avoid, can't stand, can't help, keep, finish, suggest, practise, miss, give up, imagine, admit, deny, consider | I enjoy swimming. I couldn't help reading your message. |
| po przyimku | interested in, good at, excited about, before, after, without, instead of | I was excited about getting presents. |
| po be / get used to, look forward to | I'm not used to getting up so early. I'm looking forward to seeing you. | |
| jako podmiot | Swimming is good for you. | |
| see, hear + osoba, gdy czynność w toku | I heard him singing. | |
| go + sport / czynność | go skiing, go shopping |
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — czasowniki, które zmieniają znaczenie
| Czasownik | + to | + -ing |
|---|---|---|
| stop | zatrzymać się, żeby coś zrobić: He stopped to smoke. | przestać coś robić: He stopped smoking. |
| remember / forget | pamiętać, żeby (o obowiązku): Remember to lock the door. | pamiętać, że (wspomnienie): I remember locking it. |
| try | próbować (wysiłek): I tried to open the window, but it was stuck. | spróbować (eksperyment): Try opening the window — it's hot in here. |
| regret | z przykrością informować: I regret to tell you… | żałować czegoś: I regret saying that. |
| like | uważać za słuszne: I like to check my work. | lubić: I like swimming. |
| mean | zamierzać: I meant to call you. | oznaczać: It means getting up early. |
| go on | przejść do czegoś nowego: She went on to become a doctor. | kontynuować: She went on talking. |
⚠️ Częste błędy polskich uczniów
- ✗ I enjoy to swim. → ✓ I enjoy swimming.
- ✗ I want that you help me. → ✓ I want you to help me.
- ✗ I'm looking forward to see you. → ✓ …forward to seeing you. (to jest tu przyimkiem)
- ✗ She made me to cry. → ✓ She made me cry.
- ✗ I suggest you to go. → ✓ I suggest going / that you go.
- ✗ Stop to talk! (miało być: przestań) → ✓ Stop talking!
💭 Pomyśl
💭 Pomyśl: „I'll never forget meeting her" i „Don't forget to meet her". Ten sam czasownik, dwie formy. Co pamięta albo zapomina mówiący w każdym zdaniu?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
W pierwszym wspomnienie: spotkanie już było, zostało w pamięci (-ing patrzy wstecz). W drugim obowiązek: spotkanie dopiero ma być, trzeba o nim pamiętać (to patrzy w przód). Ta sama para działa dla remember i regret: -ing to coś, co się stało, to to coś do zrobienia. Wyjątkiem jest stop: -ing to czynność przerwana, to to cel zatrzymania.
✍️ Ćwiczenia
- I can't afford ___ (buy) a new laptop this year.
- Would you mind ___ (open) the window?
- My parents don't let me ___ (stay) out after eleven.
- I'm really looking forward to ___ (start) university.
- He stopped ___ (check) his phone and then carried on ___ (walk).
- Remember ___ (send) the form by Friday — I remember ___ (forget) it last year and it was a disaster.
- It's no use ___ (argue) with him.
- I'd rather ___ (walk) than ___ (take) the bus.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- to buy · 2. opening · 3. stay · 4. starting · 5. to check (zatrzymał się, żeby sprawdzić) … walking · 6. to send … forgetting · 7. arguing · 8. walk … take.
📋 Na egzaminie
- Transformacja: I prefer flying to travelling by bus. RATHER → I'd ___ travel by bus.
- Transformacja: Getting up early is not a problem for me. USED → I'm ___ early.
- Transformacja: She managed to fix the printer without any help. SUCCEEDED → She ___ the printer without any help.
- Tłumaczenie fragmentu: I couldn't help ___ (śmiać się) when I saw his face.
- Luka: It's worth ___ (VISIT) the old town, but avoid ___ (GO) there at weekends.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- I'd rather fly than travel by bus. · 2. I'm used to getting up early. · 3. She succeeded in fixing the printer… · 4. I couldn't help laughing… · 5. visiting … going.
🔍 [R] Subtelności: bezokolicznik przeszły, -ing z dopełniaczem, be supposed to, be about to
- Bezokolicznik przeszły (to have done) po seem, appear, claim, pretend i w stronie biernej relacji (22.3): He seems to have forgotten. She claims to have met the President.
- Forma -ing z własnym podmiotem: There's no hope of their winning the match. (formalnie; potocznie them winning). I regret not being able to help them.
- Be supposed to = powinno się (według planu, reguł): When am I supposed to return the books?
- Be about to = za chwilę: They were about to leave when I arrived.
- It was surprising to hear his name mentioned: przymiotnik + to + bezokolicznik + dopełnienie z imiesłowem.
- Would prefer to… rather than…: I'd prefer to fly rather than travel by bus.
- See somebody do vs doing: cała czynność (I saw him cross the road) vs w trakcie (I saw him crossing the road).
✍️ [R] Ćwiczenie. Przekształć: (a) It seems that she has left the country. (SEEMS, bezokolicznik przeszły) (b) I was sorry that I couldn't help. (REGRET) (c) According to the timetable, the lecture starts at 9. (SUPPOSED)
Sprawdź odpowiedź
(a) She seems to have left the country. (b) I regret not being able to help. (c) The lecture is supposed to start at 9.