Pronouns, prepositions and numerals
🎯 Po co Ci to? Zaimki (some / any / no, every / each, myself, one), przyimki (czasu, miejsca, po czasownikach i przymiotnikach) i liczebniki (daty, ułamki, hundred / hundreds of) to drobiazgi, które w lukach jednowyrazowych dają najwięcej punktów przy najmniejszym nakładzie. To także najczęstsze miejsce interferencji z polskim: interested in (nie interested with), on Monday (nie in Monday).
W kursie: 3.1 (there is / are + przyimki miejsca), 3.2 (quantifiers), 5.2 (prepositions of place), 8.4.
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — zaimki
| Grupa | Formy | Zasada |
|---|---|---|
| osobowe / dzierżawcze | I – me – my – mine – myself | This is my book. It's mine. I did it myself. |
| zwrotne i wzajemne | myself, yourself…; each other / one another | They looked at each other. (wzajemnie) vs They looked at themselves. (w lustrze) |
| some / any / no i złożenia | some- w twierdzeniach i propozycjach; any- w pytaniach, przeczeniach, po if; no- w twierdzeniu z sensem przeczącym | Would you like some tea? I haven't got any money. There's nobody here. |
| every / each / all / both / neither / either | every + l. poj.; each pojedynczo; all + l. mn.; both = oba; neither = żaden z dwóch; either = którykolwiek z dwóch | Every student has a locker. Each of them was given a key. Neither answer is correct. |
| much / many / a lot of / (a) few / (a) little | much + niepoliczalne, many + policzalne; a few / a little = trochę (pozytywnie), few / little = mało (negatywnie) | I have a few friends here. (kilku) vs I have few friends here. (prawie żadnych) |
| one / ones | zastępuje rzeczownik policzalny | I'll take the blue one. |
| względne | who, which, that, whose, where | dział 24.1 |
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — przyimki
| Typ | Reguła | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| czasu | at godzina, night, the weekend, Christmas; on dzień, data; in miesiąc, rok, pora roku, pora dnia; brak przed next, last, this, every | at 6, on Monday, on 5th May, in July, in the morning, next week |
| miejsca | at punkt (at the bus stop, at school); in wnętrze (in the kitchen, in Poland); on powierzchnia (on the table, on the second floor) | |
| ruchu | to, into, out of, across, through, along, past, towards | walk across the road, go through the park |
| po czasownikach | listen to, wait for, look at, depend on, belong to, apologise for, consist of, succeed in, arrive at / in | |
| po przymiotnikach | interested in, good at, afraid of, famous for, keen on, responsible for, similar to, different from, proud of, fond of | |
| po rzeczownikach | interest in, reason for, solution to, advantage of, increase in, effect on |
Przyimek na końcu pytania i zdania względnego: What are you looking for? The film we talked about…
📐 Gramatyka w pigułce — liczebniki
Daty: 5th May 2026 czytamy the fifth of May (BrE) albo May (the) fifth; lata: nineteen ninety-nine, two thousand and five, twenty twenty-six. Ułamki i procenty: a / one half, a third, three quarters, 25 per cent (25%). Hundred / thousand / million bez -s po liczbie (two hundred people), z -s i of bez liczby (hundreds of people). Numery: room 12 (twelve), page 45, bus number 7. Zero w matematyce, nil w wyniku meczu, oh w numerze telefonu.
⚠️ Częste błędy polskich uczniów
- ✗ I'm interested with history. → ✓ …interested in history.
- ✗ in Monday, at July, in the weekend → ✓ on Monday, in July, at the weekend
- ✗ I have any money. → ✓ I have some money. / I don't have any money.
- ✗ Every students… → ✓ Every student… / All students…
- ✗ We've known each others for years. → ✓ …each other…
- ✗ two hundreds euros, thousands people → ✓ two hundred euros, thousands of people
- ✗ I arrived to Warsaw. → ✓ I arrived in Warsaw. (miasto, kraj: in; punkt: at the station)
💭 Pomyśl
💭 Pomyśl: „I have a few friends here" i „I have few friends here". Które zdanie powie ktoś zadowolony, a które ktoś samotny?
Sprawdź odpowiedź
A few to „kilku”: jest ich niewielu, ale są, mówiący patrzy pozytywnie. Few bez a to „mało, prawie nikt”: mówiący narzeka. Ta sama różnica dla a little (trochę, wystarczy) i little (mało, za mało). Rodzajnik zmienia tu ocenę, nie liczbę.
✍️ Ćwiczenia
A. Uzupełnij przyimkiem.
- I'll see you ___ Friday ___ 6 o'clock.
- She's very good ___ maths but not interested ___ physics.
- We arrived ___ the airport ___ time, but the flight was delayed.
- It depends ___ the weather.
- What are you afraid ___ ?
B. Wybierz zaimek. 6. Is there ___ (some / any) milk left? — Yes, there's ___ (some / any) in the fridge. 7. ___ (Every / All) child needs attention. 8. I've got two brothers and ___ (both / neither) of them live in Poland — one's in Spain, the other in Norway. (popraw, jeśli trzeba) 9. There's ___ (a little / little) hope left, so don't give up. 10. They text ___ (each other / themselves) every day.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
A: 1 on … at · 2 at … in · 3 at … on · 4 on · 5 of. B: 6 any … some · 7 Every · 8 neither of them lives in Poland · 9 a little · 10 each other.
📋 Na egzaminie
- Luka jednowyrazowa: The company was founded ___ 1998 and now employs hundreds ___ people.
- Luka jednowyrazowa: I've been waiting ___ your reply for two weeks.
- Tłumaczenie fragmentu: She is responsible ___ (za organizowanie) the school trip.
- Transformacja: Both of the answers are wrong. NEITHER → ___ correct.
- Liczby słownie: The match ended 2–0 and 35,000 fans watched it.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
- in … of · 2. for · 3. for organising · 4. Neither of the answers is correct. · 5. two nil; thirty-five thousand fans.
🔍 [R] Subtelności: whoever / whatever, one another, neither … nor, przyimki z -ing
- Whoever, whatever, wherever, whenever = ktokolwiek, cokolwiek: Whoever you saw, it can't have been John.
- Neither / none of my friends can drive (informator R): neither dla dwóch, none dla więcej; czasownik w l. poj. w stylu formalnym (none of them is), l. mn. potocznie.
- Neither … nor, either … or, both … and: Neither the manager nor the staff were informed.
- Przyimek + -ing: without saying goodbye, instead of going, before leaving, by working hard, in spite of being tired, on arriving.
- Przyimki zależne od znaczenia: agree with a person / on a topic / to a proposal; think of (opinia) / about (rozważać); good at (umiejętność) / for (korzyść) / with (ludzie, zwierzęta).
- Others / the others / another / the other: Some people like it, others don't. Where are the others? Have another biscuit.
✍️ [R] Ćwiczenie. Uzupełnij: (a) ___ (Whoever / Whatever) happens, don't panic. (b) ___ (None / Neither) of the three witnesses saw the car. (c) He left ___ (without / instead) saying a word. (d) I don't agree ___ you ___ this point.
Sprawdź odpowiedź
(a) Whatever · (b) None · (c) without · (d) with … on.